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The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 7 billion connected IoT devices today, experts are expecting this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025. Oracle has a network of device partners.
Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of the 21st century. Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats, baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible between people, processes, and things.
By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies, physical things can share and collect data with minimal human intervention. In this hyperconnected world, digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust each interaction between connected things. The physical world meets the digital world—and they cooperate.
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific function. Embedded systems may also function within a larger system. The systems can be programmable or have a fixed functionality. Industrial machines, consumer electronics, agricultural and processing industry devices, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, digital watches, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys, as well as mobile devices, are possible locations for an embedded system.
While embedded systems are computing systems, they can range from having no user interface (UI) -- for example, on devices designed to perform a single task -- to complex graphical user interfaces (GUIs), such as in mobile devices. User interfaces can include buttons, LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and touchscreen sensing. Some systems use remote user interfaces as well.
MarketsandMarkets, a business-to-business (B2B) research firm, predicted that the embedded market will be worth $116.2 billion by 2025. Chip manufacturers for embedded systems include many well-known technology companies, such as Apple, IBM, Intel and Texas Instruments.
Automobiles :
Modern cars commonly consist of many computers (sometimes as many as 100), or embedded systems, designed to perform different tasks within the vehicle.
Mobile Phones :
These consist of many embedded systems, including GUI software and hardware, operating systems (OSes), cameras, microphones, and USB (Universal Serial Bus) I/O (input/output) modules.
Industrial Machines :
They can contain embedded systems, like sensors, and can be embedded systems themselves. Industrial machines often have embedded automation systems that perform specific monitoring and control functions.
Medical Equipment :
These may contain embedded systems like sensors and control mechanisms. Medical equipment, such as industrial machines, also must be very user-friendly so that human health isn't jeopardized by preventable machine mistakes. This means they'll often include a more complex OS and GUI designed for an appropriate UI.
Embedded systems :
always function as part of a complete device -- that's what's meant by the term embedded. They are low-cost, low-power-consuming, small computers that are embedded in other mechanical or electrical systems. Generally, they comprise a processor, power supply, and memory and communication ports. Embedded systems use the communication ports to transmit data between the processor and peripheral devices -- often, other embedded systems -- using a communication protocol. The processor interprets this data with the help of minimal software stored on the memory. The software is usually highly specific to the function that the embedded system serves.
A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals, etc.s
The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters), etc.
- Microcontrollers are used to execute a single task within an application
- Its designing and hardware cost is low.
- Easy to replace.
- It is built with CMOS technology, which requires less power to operate.
- It consists of CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports.
Microcontrollers are divided into various categories based on memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. Following is the list of their types
1.Bits & 2.Memory
B I T S :
8-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to execute arithmetic and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc. For example, Intel 8031 and 8051 are 8 bits microcontroller.
16-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations where higher accuracy and performance is required. For example, Intel 8096 is a 16-bit microcontroller.
32-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is generally used in automatically controlled appliances like automatic operational machines, medical appliances, etc.
M E M O R Y :
External memory microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is designed in such a way that they do not have a program memory on the chip. Hence, it is named as external memory microcontroller. For example: Intel 8031 microcontroller.
Embedded memory microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is designed in such a way that the microcontroller has all programs and data memory, counters and timers, interrupts, I/O ports are embedded on the chip. For example: Intel 8051 microcontroller.
Microcontrollers are widely used in various different devices such as −
1. Light sensing and controlling devices like LED.
2. Temperature sensing and controlling devices like microwave oven, chimneys.
3. Fire detection and safety devices like Fire alarm.
4. Measuring devices like Volt Meter.
Microprocessor : is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with the other devices connected to it.
Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a control unit. ALU performs arithmetical and logical operations on the data received from the memory or an input device. Register array consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L and accumulator. The control unit controls the flow of data and instructions within the computer.
Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices and results its low cost.
Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by using metaloxide semiconductor technology, which has low power consumption.
Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same chip in a number of applications by configuring the software program.
Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very low, hence it is reliable.
1. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) :
As the name suggests, the instructions are in a complex form. It means that a single instruction can contain many low-level instructions. For example loading data from memory, storing data to the memory, performing basic operations, etc. Besides, we can say that a single instruction has multiple addressing modes. Furthermore, as there are many operations in single instruction they use very few registers.
// Examples of CISC are Intel 386, Intel 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, etc. //
2. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) :
As per the name, in this, the instructions are quite simple, and hence, they execute quickly. Moreover, the instructions get complete in one clock cycle and also use a few addressing modes only. Besides, it makes use of multiple registers so that interaction with memory is less.
// Examples are IBM RS6000, DEC Alpha 21064, DEC Alpha 21164, etc. //
3. EPIC (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing) :
It allows the instructions to compute parallelly by making use of compilers. Moreover, the complex instructions also process in fewer clock frequencies. Furthermore, it encodes the instructions in 128-bit bundles. Where each bundle contains three instructions encoded in 41 bits each and a 5-bit template. This 5-bit template contains information about the type of instructions and that which instructions can be executed in parallel.
// Examples are IA-64 (Intel Architecture-64), etc. //
Microprocessors
UNIT 1 : I O T
Download unit 1UNIT 2 : I O T
Download unit 2UNIT 3 : I O T
Download unit 3UNIT 4 : I O T
Download unit 4UNIT 5 : I O T
Download unit 5MY NOTES ON IOT
Download my notes
Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller :
(1.MP) -> Microprocessor acts as a heart of computer system.
(1.MC) -> Microcontroller acts as a heart of embedded system.
(2.MP) -> It is a processor in which memory and I/O output component is connected externally.
(2.MC) -> It is a controlling device in which memory and I/O output component is present internally.
(3.MP) -> Since memory and I/O output is to be connected externally. Therefore the circuit is more complex.
(3.MC) -> Since on chip memory and I/O output component is available. Therefore the circuit is less complex.
(4.MP) -> It cannot be used in compact system. Therefore microprocessor is inefficient.
(4.MC) -> It can be used in compact system. Therefore microcontroller is more efficient.
(5.MP) -> Microprocessor has less number of registers. Therefore most of the operations are memory based.
(5.MC) -> Microcontroller has more number of registers. Therefore a program is easier to write.
(6.MP) -> A microprocessor having a zero status flag.
(6.MC) -> A microcontroller has no zero flag.
(7.MP) ->It is mainly used in personal computers.
(7.MC) -> It is mainly used in washing machines, air conditioners etc.
(8.MP) -> Microprocessors are used for big applications.
(8.MC) -> It is built with CMOS technology, which requires less power to operate.
(9.MP) -> Not so easy to replace.
(9.MC) -> Easy to replace.
